Bullying Is Evolving Over Time - 1833 Words

Almost everywhere I go, I see those around me always on their cell phones. Those cell phones are not just any type of cell phones; they can sometimes be called weapons. I do it all the time: jokingly saying some offensive words to my friends. However, am I really their friend when I m doing that? Most of the time everyone thinks that it is fine to joke with a friend through a text message or email, but how would someone know whether or not it hurts their friend or even family members when they can t even see what their reaction is without being right next to them? Bullying has been evolving over time. Bullying has happened throughout history, whether or not it has been in historical records or it has ever happened in the world; some type of bullying has occurred. It has gone to the point that when social media came out, the word cyberbullying has come into place. Though there are some people that believe teasing others on the web is just fooling around, cyberbullying has grown to a p oint where saying one word or sentence can lead to suicides or health problems of others. In addition, cyberbullying doesn t just happen at a certain period, if that bully knows most of the information that a person has, it grows overtime with himself or herself. So, if cyberbullying starts at an early age, it will have an effect on a child s development as well. Once cyberbullying starts, one common solution of talking to others about it, might not work anymore. Ways to cope withShow MoreRelatedHow Gender And The Type Of Bullying Correlates With Each Other919 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we hear the word â€Å"bullying†, what comes to mind for most people is the act of someone who is threatening or harassing another. We may even picture a scene from A Christmas Story where this tall kid and his crew are running after this shorter, nerdy-looking kid wearing glasses. However, bullying comes in many forms. It is verbal harassment, in which someone’s mean words can make another feel emotionally and mentally abused. It is physical assault in which not only the aggressor leaves physicalRead MoreBullying Is A Major Problem That Has Gradually Gotten Worser Over The Years.1046 Words   |  5 PagesBullying is a major problem that has gradually gotten worser over the years. With technology evolving teens have taken bullying to a new level, by cyberbullying. Bullying is a way of verbally or physically harming someone else to try and seem superior. People who bully are very insecure about themselves so they chose to bully others in order to make themselves feel better. There are others ways that teens may use to bully such as cyberbullying. Cyber bulling is a form of harassment online throughRead MoreThe Evolution of Bullying Over the Years882 Words   |  3 Pagesencountered some form of bullying in their lifetime whether they want to admit it or not. It happens to everyone, but to some people it is a regular thing. Bullying has evolved over the years, twenty years ago, the bully would have been the much bigger kids in school, physically bullying a smaller kid. They would even team up to where it was multiple bullies against one kid. While doing my research one thing that kept coming up was that, during the age of â€Å"traditional bullying†, when the victim wouldRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyberbullying And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 Pagesinclude more people each taking one side of the argument and hurling insults to people on the other side. Another form is harassment, where a bully humiliates the victim by sending hurtful images, text messages, or emails about the victim. This form of bullying has grown with the recent trend of making memes. Memes are images containing a message meant to ridicule the victim. Myers (2006) adds that defamation and denigration is another form of Cyberbullying; the bully attacks and tarnishes the victims throughRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1633 Words   |  7 P agesis through the familiar conviction of bullying. Bullying has been entrenched in American society as a relevant issue for quite some time. The word â€Å"bully† derives back from as far as the 1530’s. In 1838, the novel, Oliver Twist, exhibited the first use of bullying within literary work. Years later, in 1862, the first account of bullying was reported. Over one hundred years following this, the first proposition of an anti-bullying law was constructed. As time has persisted, the issue has began toRead MoreCyber Bullying And The Internet1324 Words   |  6 Pagesmost powerful form of bullying, called cyber bullying. Unfortunately, no one is exempt from cyber bullying. The Internet is a tool that gives anyone a voice, including bullies. It is a marvelous element that has become an operating tool in our daily lives. We learn from it, communicate with it, and are entertained by it. However, there are people who use it to mistreat others. We hear on the news, more o ften than we should, of young people committing suicide due to cyber bullying. While there are bulliesRead MoreBullying Victimization And Its Effects1469 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles that can affect the long-term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, RuanRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Society1297 Words   |  6 Pagescelebrity status based on what their physical ability. There is no denying that physical strength is viewed as a sign of power. It is a quality that has been a determining factor of power and rule throughout our history, right to the beginning of our time. However, technology has added a new dimension and there is a shift in how power is gained. Knowledge and education are starting to become more and more relevant, as technology advances. Technology has began to infiltrate society as people becomeRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Children1314 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, according to Oxford Dictionary, is the use of â€Å"superior strength or influence to intimidate, typically to force someone to do what one wants.† Growing up, the only bullying that I have witnessed is on the television. The majority of people perceive a bully as a tough boy threatening another for his lunch money, but times have changed in unison with technology evolving. One of the overwhelmingly popular uses of the internet is to contact friends and relatives by posting pictures and sendingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesworld possess some form of an electronic device that is capable of accessing s ocial media, rather it be Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and many more. â€Å"Technology’s rampant popularization over the past decade in terms of social media has meant that texting, Facebook, and Twitter have inevitable taken over as the most efficient ways of communicating with each other.† (Jones) From children of young age, to our elders, people of all ages have the potential to gain access to multiple forms of social

Video Number Three Presentations From Baroness Glenys...

Video number three featured three presentations from Baroness Glenys Thornton, Clifford Harding, and Henry Bonsu. All three of these presentations involved the different perspectives that can take place in education, particularly in Great Britain and how these minority groups are currently viewed as inferior within Great Britain. Baroness Glenys Thornton took a larger sociological approach toward the underrepresentation of minorities. Her presentation was based on the diversity of the members of the British parliament as well as the diversity of the other portions of the British government. She stated that minority groups are underrepresented by a margin of about three percent of the current population in the British parliament. Clifford Harding took a more individualized approach to this issue. Clifford didn’t really grow up in the best living conditions, and he was involved in some questionable things such as drugs. He said that was often told that he was â€Å"dumb and stupid† when he was in school (mainly due to the fact that he was dyslexic) and that it would be safe to say that these taunts would discourage many people from continuing their education if they were faced with these messages. Henry Bonsu added onto Clifford Harding’s message in his presentation. Bonsu’s message was that we all have the ability to do anything we want to in schools. The only reason that we feel as if we won’t do well is that we think we won’t do well. As soon as we gain confidence and ignore

The Glorious Revolution Free Essays

Francisco Saravia-Jimenez2012-11-HIS-101-OL011: Western Civilization I What did the â€Å"Glorious Revolution† that took place in England in 1688 achieve, and why is it referred to as â€Å"glorious†? The Glorious Revolution of 1688 involved the overthrow of King James II from the throne of England. James, throughout his short reign, attempted to catholicize the army and government by getting his supporters into Parliament. When James had a son, England united against the prospect of a Catholic dynasty and sought help from William of Orange. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glorious Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now William arrived in England in November of 1688 and marched unopposed all the way to London. James fled to France and after he was denounced by Parliament, William of Orange was offered the throne if he would accept limitations on his powers. He accepted. One of the most amazing things about the Glorious Revolution was the ability  of political opposition, such as the Tories and the Whigs, to come together under a common cause. Such widespread unity throughout a nation had never been seen and it set the table for a peaceful takeover of a dictator. There were many achievements in the Glorious Revolution. Firstly, as previously mentioned, it was one of the first times an overthrow of a government required no blood to be shed. Also, it helped to issue in the Bill of Rights, which redefined the relationship between the monarch and the subjects. The Bill of Rights is one of the most important documents in history. It guaranteed the freedom of speech, the freedom of elections, parliamentary approval of taxation and the right to petition. Additionally it dismissed cruel and unusual punishment, standing armies and the monarch’s ability to suspend law whenever he or she pleased. It also stated that no Catholic could succeed to the throne of England, thus eliminating the possibility of a Roman Catholic dynasty. The Claim of Right was issued in Scotland in 1689 and was basically the same document as the Bill of Rights. The Mutiny Act, which limited royal use of martial law to one year, was also put in place in 1689. The Toleration Act was issued as well, and it gave freedom of worship to Dissenters. Overall, the Glorious Revolution was significant in many ways. It established  one of the first  Constitutional Monarchies by extending the power of the Parliament. In doing so, the power of the monarchy was severely limited. It marked a milestone, in which practical power shifted from the monarchy to the Parliament. That power that the Parliament had gained from the Glorious Revolution was never successfully challenged again. How to cite The Glorious Revolution, Essay examples The Glorious Revolution Free Essays The Glorious Revolution has many significant factors, and events, but there we’re three main ones that stood out more than the other ones. The three events or factors were The Test Act, William and Mary, and James II .In this essay I will go more in depth into the three significant factors or events. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glorious Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the factors is The Test Act. The Test Act is a law that was passed by Parliament that made it to where it was required an oath of protest loyalists to prevent Catholics from holding public office. Parliament thought of this law because Cromwell was able to just take it away because he was a military leader. So they didn’t want the kings to be able to just come in and get rid of them again like Cromwell did. Another event that happened is bringing in William and Mary. The Tories and the Whigs invited them to come overthrow James II. They felt as that they needed a protestant as a king and because they didn’t feel that James II was doing what he should do as king. William and Marry brought 14,000 soldiers because they thought that they would have to get into a war to get James II out of the office. They also wanted to keep the Church of England for their Protestantism. The last factor was James II. He was a factor of the Glorious Revolution because he was catholic and Parliament wanted and Protestant king because a catholic was trying to get rid of all the things Protestantism has done. So they plan to overthrow James II with Protestants. He also tried to make England back catholic and he passed laws that go against the Parliament. So parliament decided to get rid of James II. In conclusion the Glorious Revolution has many different factors and events. In this essay I told you all the most significant three that I think is the most important. The Test Act, William and Mary, James II. This is my essay on the Glorious Revolution. How to cite The Glorious Revolution, Papers

Teenage Curfew Laws Beneficial or Detrimental Essay Example For Students

Teenage Curfew Laws: Beneficial or Detrimental? Essay By Laura JayneSally walked out of the coffee shop downtown and wandered to hercar. It was about 12:15 a.m. on one Tuesday over the summer, and herparents had set her curfew for 12:30 a.m. Sally thought she would be homeright on time; unfortunately, the Roanoke City Council though otherwise. Since Sally is 16, she is breaking the teenage curfew in Roanoke City. Roanokes curfew, which took effect July 31, 1992, requires that teens 16and under be off the streets by 11 p.m. from Sunday through Thursday and by12 p.m. on Friday and Saturday (Turner, Council B3). Because Sallysparents did not set her curfew in compliance with the one Roanoke City hadset for their child, Sally is now a criminal. Is that really what Roanokewants to happen. By setting a teenage curfew, Roanoke City is underminingparental authority and turning innocent teens into criminals. Roanoke, however, is not the only locality that is issuing curfewlaws. A survey from the Justice Department found that nearly three-quartersof the 200 largest cities in the united States have implemented curfew lawsto lower juvenile crime rates (Gostomski 2). Though backers of curfew lawsapplaud their effectiveness in this capacity, statistics show no supportfor their claim that curfews reduce youth crime. As curfews are put intoeffect across the country, the American Civil Liberties Union and thecourts are beginning to question their constitutionality. Though curfewlaws are disguised as a mechanism to protect teens and reduce youth crime,they are unconstitutional, ill-advised, and ineffective. Curfew laws violate the basic constitutional guarantees in the Billof Rights. Though teenagers are minors, they are still citizens and notexempt from basic constitutional rights. Courts throughout the UnitedStates have thrown out local curfew laws, citing various violations ofjuveniles constitutional protections. The 9th U.S. District Court ofAppeals threw out a San Diego curfew because it infringed upon youthsfirst amendment right to speech (Gostomski 4). In Dallas, U.S. DistrictCourt Judge Jerry Buchmeyer said the city curfew defied minors right tofreedom of association (Turner, Constitutionality B3). The Supreme Courtin Washington state has twice ruled that curfews cannot be ordered upon anycitizen unless there is a state of emergency (Brown and Santana). Sincecurfews began to reappear in the 1980s and 1990s, the American CivilLiberties Union has been fighting their constitutionality because theypunish law-abiding teens more than true criminal (Survey). Along withthese infractions , challengers of curfew laws have cited their violation offreedoms of religion and assembly, rights to travel, and rights againstunreasonable search and seizure (Crowell 5). Also, opponents say curfewlaws violate the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment and the equalprotection clause of the 14th Amendment (Crowell 5). Experts say that itis trick, if not impossible, to craft a curfew law that protects theconstitutional rights of minors (Problems). If curfew laws do notprotect the constitutional rights of minors, they violate the fundamentalprinciples of the United States, and lawmakers should repeal them. Curfew laws, when they are implemented, lead to antagonism betweenlaw abiding teenagers and the police force, and often turn innocentteenagers into criminals. Also, these laws create a stereotype that allteens are delinquents. Curfew laws allow police to arrest minors foroffenses that are not crimes if adults commit them. When teens break thecurfew law, they change from law-abiding citizens into criminals. Thisprecedent creates tension between all teens, lawful and unlawful alike, andadults, especially law enforcement officers (Macallair and Males). Toteenagers, police represent the unjust curfew laws that oppress them. Topolice officers, all teens that stay out past curfew hour are criminals. AU.S. District Court threw out a curfew law in the District of Columbia onthe basis that it did not differentiate between innocent teens and thosewho were a threat to society (Racine 233). Lumping all teenagers togetherstereotypes them in society. a study by Gallup Polls in 1994 shows thatthe a verage adult believes juveniles commit 43% of violent crime, when theactual figure is just 13% (Allen 2). Also, most teens are not violentoffenders. One survey showed that only 0.5% of youths engage in violentacts (Allen 3). Curfew laws punish the 99.5% of teenagers that are lawabiding. by grouping all teens together, curfew laws contribute to thebelief that youths are the downfall of society and lead to tension betweenthose teens who are not a detriment to the

50 Cent Rapper Life Review Essay Sample

50 Cent Rapper Life Review Essay Sample 50 Cent Rapper Life Review Essay Example 50 Cent Rapper Life Review Essay Example Motivation, hard work, good luck, and enthusiasm are the pledge of success. Despite the fact that the majority of people associate success with money, it is directly connected with the feeling of satisfaction. Success involves several essential aspects of happiness, especially physical and spiritual health, emotional and, finally, material well-being. Taking into account the fact that numerous singers, dancers, and rappers are classified as successful people, the given paper aims to shed light on the brilliant career and fortune of 50 Cent in the sphere of music and business. Life and  Rap career Taking into consideration the biographic data of 50 Cent, it is important to note that Curtis James Jackson III is not only a recognized rapper but a successful actor, investor as well as an entrepreneur (McKellop). Regardless the fact that 50 Cent faced numerous problems in the past as the rapper participated in distribution of drugs during the â€Å"crack epidemic† in the 1980s, his â€Å"addiction† to music motivated him to overcome himself and move forward towards his dream. At present, 50 Cent is one of the most prosperous and, at the same time, best-selling rappers in the world. Curtis Jackson successfully survived failure on the way to success and gained worldwide recognition (McKellop). For example, in 1994, while drug dealing and possession, he was forced to spend some time in the correctional boot camp. However, this bitter life experience did not obstruct him on the way to worldwide fame. In other words, difficult childhood, mother’s death, and drug de aling did not ruin the willpower of this famous man (McKellop). Rap career may be compared to a so-called orientation point that motivated 50 Cent not to give up and fight to the end. At present, an estimated net worth of 50 Cent is equal to $140 million (McKellop). Despite the fact that many people claim that success and fame of 50 Cent are almost unreal, Curtis Jackson’s story is incredibly inspiring. There are numerous convincing proofs that explain the unprecedented success of 50 Cent as a worldwide renowned rapper as well as a great entrepreneur (Hamm). To begin with, it is rather important to note that 50 Cent never forgets about hard work. According to the point of view of 50 Cent, this rule is the most reliable because persistent work will definitely be rewarded in a certain moment of people’s life. Secondly, intense realism is considered to be the second key to success. Robert Greene, the coauthor of the book The 50th Law expresses the idea that 50 Cent has a unique ability to assess real-world situations in an appropriate way and make conclusions about significance of these situations in the competitive business world (Hamm). 50 Cent claims that people who want to succeed in future should focus on their experiences while starting a new business, because experience gives people the chance to find the way out of the worst situations. Life, as 50 Cent believes, is a game, therefore experience is not a waste of time, but a valuable source of knowledge and the unique opportunity to avoid life traps and mistakes. Thirdly, the rapper assures that successful people should take up space in the world. In other words, great confidence, risk-taking, and, finally, fearless behavior have influenced the success of 50 Cent (Hamm). 50 Cent is a unique person because he hides his fears, skepticism, and doubt in front of large business moguls. Besides, 50 Cent is an ambitious and courageous rapper that acts as a leader in the business world. Finally, friends of 50 Cent confess that he is an incredibly patient person who has succeeded in overcoming discouragement and failures (Hamm). During the interview with 50 Cent about his extraordinary success, he claims that he followed numerous â€Å"rules† that helped him to push his fortunes. With more than 30 million albums sold during his brilliant career, this famous man has encouraged thousands of people around the globe not to give up despite numerous difficulties. Taking into account the point of view of Evan Carmichael, 50 Cent is a unique person who started from the very bottom and with the course of time rose to the top of success, fame, wealth, and fortune. Thus, the most significant rules that gave the rapper the chance to surpass himself are as follows (Hamm): hard work; enthusiasm; consideration and assessment of past gains and mistakes; understanding that money is not the only measurement of success; pursuing own dreams; being ready to accept the risk; having good sense of humor; being ready to give back (Hamm). According to the estimations of 50 Cent, he as a rapper has managed to make his rap career, and, consequently, musical success because he never gives up. In one of his recent interviews, 50 Cents gives certain recommendations or â€Å"tips† to people who are willing to achieve success in their life (Western). First of all, 50 Cent claims that the only voice that really matters is yours. In other words, the rapper assures that disbelief and doubts prevent people from moving forward. Secondly, 50 Cent confesses that he has always tried to reinvent himself because this unique feature provides him the excellent chance to adapt to changing conditions of the business environment. In such a way, so-called â€Å"reinvention† will offer a chance to every enthusiast to be tuned-in and go with the times (Western). Thirdly, the rapper claims that successful people should not compromise their character. In simple words, the rapper assures that in case family, friends, and relatives say that one’s dreams are unrealistic, people should ignore them because they will definitely fail to reach their dreams with such â€Å"reliable† support (Western). Fourthly, the rapper states that he has always kept working. 50 Cent believes that things will always go wrong in case laziness exceeds attempts and work. Persistence, confidence in personal strengths, and enthusiasm will give people the chance to achieve greatness. Fifthly, 50 Cent confesses that he has devoted his entire life to his dreams (Western). For instance, the phrase â€Å"get rich or die trying† is considered to be the life credo of 50 Cent. Moreover, it is extremely important to note the fact that this distinguished rapper states the death should motivate people instead of crippling them. For instance, during one of the interviews, 50 Cent says that when he nearly died, it made him think that it could happen again any second (Western). Consequently, he made a decision to live like he had never lived before. In other words, nothing should stop people on their way to success. So, people should not be bored and do nothing because the time of every person is limited. Therefore, 50 Cent claims that people who dream about money, success, and happiness should make progress towards their inner goals, travel, get new experiences, and meet new people (Western). The famous rapper affirms that he has managed to combat boredom and laziness. He assures that many people in this world are unhappy because they fail to cope with boredom (Western). Finally, 50 Cent, one of the wealthiest celebrities in the world of music, is convinced that every negative experience is actually a positive one because failure has nothing in common with a total loss. On the contrary, failure should be understood as an inevitable element or part of the success that drastically increases the chances of people to do things the right way (Western). Having determined, analyzed, and assessed successes and fortunes of 50 Cent in the sphere of music and entrepreneurship, I would like to stress that the biography of 50 Cent has really inspired me. Despite the fact that I am not a professional who can judge such a well-known personality as 50 Cent, and criticize his successes as well as failures in music and financial spheres, I believe that 50 Cent is a â€Å"created person†. In other words, I am a proponent of the idea that heritability and genes have nothing in common with his tremendous success and global recognition. On the contrary, I am convinced that he â€Å"created† himself, his fame, and wealth with the help of his desire, enthusiasm, stubborn character, and well-developed leadership traits. To be honest, I think that 50 Cent does not set restrictions and limitations on what he can achieve. Consequently, he has succeeded in becoming a wealthy entrepreneur, actor, singer, and rapper because he never places limits on himself and his strengths. He is a self-reliant and confident person who has become his own boss. Finally, I would like to sum up that I extremely appreciate his commitment to his work, engagement with his fans or followers, and, finally his philanthropy. Despite his financial problems and numerous imperfections, I believe that 50 Cent is one of the brightest examples of renowned celebrities who took pains in order to gain unbelievably enormous musical and business successes. To be honest, if I had an opportunity, I would do nothing differently on the stage of hip hop and finance because I absolutely agree to the decisions of 50 Cent. In other words, I believe that enormous success of this rapper in the spheres of business and music may be explained by the right decisions he made. Thus, in my opinion, he was not mistaken when he decided to combine rapper care er with entrepreneurship, investments, and, finally, philanthropy. I suppose that such recommendations of 50 Cent as finding huge opportunities even in failures, keeping the flow moving, respecting process as well as experience, disregarding the limits, and, finally, confronting the mortality may be followed by every person who is willing to exceed all expectations. To sum up, I would like to emphasize that I admire this personality because he is a kind and caring person who is ready to share his wealth with the world. In other words, I deeply appreciate his philanthropy and hope that 50 Cent does not do it with the purposes of advertising, but to help poor and destitute people feeling the need in his financial assistance.

Ethical Concerns of Genetics essays

Ethical Concerns of Genetics essays Ethical Concerns of Classical Breeding and You can stop the splitting of an atom; you can stop visiting the moon; you can stop using aerosols; you may even decide not to kill an entire population by the use of a few bombs, but you cannot recall a new form of life. - Erwin Chargoff Imagine a world free of disease, where everyone is healthy and the average life span is 100+ years. To most people that would be a dream come true. According to Biotech companies that are doing research in the field of Genetic engineering that is what GE will make of the future. Hard to believe that that could ever happen. Well it is a possibility ,but a very unlikely one to say the least. Erwin Chargoff is considered by some to be the father of modern Microbiology. He also said this about GE, An irreversible attack on the biosphere is something so unheard-of, so unthinkable to previous generations, that I could only wish that mine had not been guilty of it. He said this in reference to the huge price tag that this kind of engineering carries with it. The companies who are for Genetic engineering, in their defense, say that it is only an extension of Classical or Selective Breeding. This practice has gone on for years with a very high success rate and very few failures. Classical Breeding is a type of primitive GE that involves two subjects of the same species, a very similar species or even a VERY similar genera in a cross breed. This cross breeding is an attempt to try and get certain characteristics carried on from one generation to the next. It has a fairly high success rate but it is not at all guaranteed to work. Most people know about selective breeding in dogs, horses, and in some plants. But it has a much greater range that includes most type of animals and plants. It has had some major failures though. Some examples of these failures are Killer Bees that were an attempt to create bees that would produce more hone...

Trade union movement in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade union movement in Britain - Essay Example The power of trade unions in countries around the world is not equal. In certain countries, such as Britain, the role of trade unions in promoting the rights of employees has been critical. Current paper presents the current state of trade union movement in Britain. In addition, the strategies that trade union movement in Britain employs to increase its influence are explained and evaluated. Through the literature published in regard to this subject it has been revealed that the current power of trade unions in Britain is limited, compared to the past. Radical changes in these unions’ policies and practices are required so that the power of trade union movement in Britain to return to high levels. 2. Trade union movement in Britain 2.1 Definitions In order to understand the various aspects of trade union movement in Britain it is necessary to present the definitions of certain terms, as these terms are closely related to the issues under discussion. The trade union has been de scribed as ‘a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives’ (Sinha 2004, p.1). Through a similar point of view, a trade union reflects ‘a combination aiming to regulate the relations between workmen and masters†¦.’ (1913 Trade Union Act, in Jackson, 1982, p.69). Different approaches have been also used for describing trade unions. For instance, reference can be made to the definition of trade union as developed by Flanders in 1975: ‘unions should act in order to challenge capitalism’ (Gardner and Palmer 1997, p.86). The above definition, being influenced by Marx’s views on employment relations, focuses on the relationship between employment and politics and not so much on the rights of employees in the workplace. Reference should be also made to the definition of worker. According to the Employment Rights Act 1996 a worker is an individual that meets the fol lowing three requirements: ‘a) works under a contract, b) to carry out personal services and c) for the other party of the contract’ (Gennard and Judge 2005, p.102). In the context of another definition, an employee is considered to be ‘the person that works for another under the terms of compensation’ (Twomey 2009, p.78). The compensation of employees can be monetary or of other form (Twomey 2009). 2.2 Current state of trade union movement in Britain As in all countries where a trade union movement exists, in Britain also, the trade union movement focuses on ‘the protection of jobs and of wages’ (Padhi 2008, p.543). Moreover, trade unions have the power to check whether working conditions are kept at a specific level, in terms of quality and safety (Padhi 2008). The existence of trade unions is based on the following fact: the position of employees is less advantageous compared to that of their employers (Weiss 2008, p.357). This means that em ployees are not equally powerful with their employers when having to negotiate for their rights (Weiss 2008). This fact has led to the introduction of trade unions, as a means for increasing the power of employees towards their employers (Weiss 2008). The current status of trade union movement in UK can be characterized as rather discouraging. In fact, through the decades the failures of the efforts of union leaders to secure the support of Labour government towards the trade union movement, as analyzed below, have led to the decrease of the unions’

Institutional economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Institutional economics - Term Paper Example Economics is a part of every aspect of human life, whether it is social, financial, political or institutional. Economics comes under classification into several components, where one of its components focuses on evaluation of institutions’ social and political framework in order to understand their performance that leads to the progress of the nation’s economy (McConnell & Brue, 2007). Institutional economics is the name given to this branch of economics. The aspects of social, political and commercial institutions can come under enlightenment in the context with institutional economics as it integrates the fields of economics, political science, sociology, law, organization theory and anthropology. Due to ever-rising competition in the commercial world, the institutional economics is becoming a source of interest for many because it observes the current market trends, so that they can keep an eye on the institutions and their activities (Groenewegen et al., 2009). The system of economics has many facets, out of which capitalism is one of it. Capitalism is a method in which an individual or a private organization manufactures the products and services with an objective to generate profit. Profit and wages are the two common forms of income in a capitalist system. As different people have different mindsets, therefore, different viewpoints by economist, political economist and historians have come under consideration when capitalism is under allocution. The elements that are the result of the development from capitalist economies include a product, money and labor. A product, commonly known as a commodity, is a good that comes under production for trade in the marketplace. Products are of two types; capital goods and consumer goods. Consumer goods that are the finished product is the result that comes from capital goods, which are the sources such as raw materials, machines, transport means and factories. On the other hand, currency that is the mo de of payment, determines the worth of the goods, which always comes under measurement with a standard set of values and this is worth (Lippit, 2005). The forms of currencies have evolved through years and so has the meaning of producing/making goods. In addition, improvement and advancement in capital has come under a major affection by imposing of taxes, tax collection and the concept of banking. With the advancement of technologies and growing demands of tax payments, economies were becoming multifaceted as it endured the currency to progress and made its role more vital and crucial for the whole world. Regardless of all the factors of the past, the fact still exists, that money emblematizes significance. Through ages, the role of money has not changed and today still, money has the same functionality, but nowadays it not only exemplifies material goods but services are also charged. †Acquiring money is not the same thing as creating value† (Lau, 2000). This statement gives a clear view that money and finished goods are directly proportionate to each other. It means that profit generation cannot always lead to the production of goods in a valuable manner. The best example that explains the statement is currency traders. These people make money by bartering of currencies

Soil Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soil Behavior - Research Paper Example It occurs majorly in soils that are water saturated. All air spaces in this kind of soil are filled with water. Before the impact of the earthquake, soil water has low pressure, but the impact of the earthquake increases the pressure of the water in the soil, particularly between the individual soil particles (Muiri, 1990). These particles, pressing against one another, break and reduce in strength and stiffness. Developments made on the surface of the earth by human efforts exert heavy weight on the soil increasing the pressure in the soil water and this too can cause changes in the strength of the soil. Ground improvements are the various ways by which soil engineering properties are made better in order to reduce exertion of pressure on the soil particles by the water. The properties of concern are; the ability of the soil to pass water, shear strength and soil stiffness. In this move, expensive and sophisticated materials and other tools are laid below the foundations to support the weights of heavy structures on the ground. Other techniques are also employed, e.g. dykes, tunnels, channels, reservoirs and embankments, which have been used to reduce the impact of the earthquakes. This reduces the water pressure on the soil particles. This is done by engineers depending on the size of the structures and the intensity of the earthquakes in the region. Geophysical methods are the methods used to collect data, relating to waves, in the soil. These are; Direct Current Electrical Resistivity, Induced Polarization and Spectral Induced Polarization where directly, electricity is pumped into the ground to collect and record all the information on ground waves. Another method is Electromagnetic and Ground Penetrating Radar in which the information is recorded with no direct contact with the earth media. It uses EM waves also. Gravity and Microgravity is another method of measuring the waves using gravimeters. This method obtains the masses and densities

Treatments for Painful Neuropathy

Treatments for Painful Neuropathy Neuropathy is used as a medicinal phrase for nerve injury it is a common problem of type 1 and type 2 diabetic. It is estimated that up to twenty six percent of the people living with type 2 diabetes are said to have evidence of nerve damage after diabetic is diagnosed (Galer et al. 2000). It is however true that a generalized type of neuropathy that is commonly called the polyneuropathy as the most familiar category of diabetic neuropathy. The paper investigates whether the neuropathic pain has effect on the value of existence for the patient (Meijer et al. 2002). Painful neuropathy is considered as a progressive impediment of diabetes. Alternatively, the ordinary account of the illness may differ from discontinuous mild symptoms handling of aching diabetic neuropathy. Nevertheless, the process of selecting an agent is a challenge specified the breath of selections and the need of dependable strategy (Wild Green 2004). Due to the inconsistency of the symptoms patients remain untreated or undertreated. Connectively, different injuries or diseases can cause damage to the central or peripheral nervous structure and then create the neuropathic pain identified as (NP). It is difficult to treat and cure many other kinds of chronic pain clients with NP have better medicinal co-morbidity weight than gender and age familiar checks (Baron Gockel 2009). The challenges makes establishing the humane and monetary burden linked to NP testing. However, health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) is significantly impaired among clients with NP. Alternatively, it is assumed that Patients with PN and pain-related interference in numerous (HR-QOL) and useful domains together with condensed capability to work and reduced mobility owing to pain. Connectively, Spouses of NP patient have been liked with unpleasant communal penalty that related to NP (Sorensen et al. 2002). Roughly 25% of people with diabetes might be affected by chronic NP Patients frequently show with uneasiness, naturally from the distal feet, but progressing over time. Patients may illustrate signs of tingling, electric shocks burning, numbness, aching, or lancinating pains. (Wild Green 2004). The pain might be steady, alternating or associated with nocturnal deterioration. Patients might as well experience allodynia, (Schmader 2002). There are multiple patterns of diabetic neuropathy. Sensory polyneuropathy is the most common; however sensory motor neuropathies, small fibre neuropathies, focal neuropathies, demyelinating (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy), and vasculitic (amyotrophic) neuropathies might also occur (Baron Gockel 2009). Numerous mechanisms have been projected to describe the effects of hyperglycemia on nerve fibers, including metabolic derangement, oxidative stress, and ischemia. A complete re-evaluate of the fundamental pathogenesis and types of painful diabetic neuropathy is past the reach of this paper (Perkins et al. 2001). Despite the type, the strictness and clinical option might change for diabetic neuropathy. For several patients, the symptoms might turn out to be chronic and deteriorate with time. For some, however, there is steady upgrading and even resolution of pain (Freynhagen 2006). A decline in painful symptoms might imply nerve healing; however, progressive neuropathy may possibly also cause failure of feeling, knowledgeable as diminution of pain. Chronic painful diabetic neuropathy is identified to crash several magnitude of patient value of life, including humour, slumber, work, self-worth, and interpersonal affairs (Baron Gockel 2009). There are also considerable individual and societal costs from medications, health care visits, misplaced efficiency, and unfavourable events, even if the genuine monetary burden from painful diabetic neuropathy has not been differentiated from broad diabetic neuropathy (Torrance et al. 2006). Even though treatment of pain is vital for value of life, it must be measured only as one characteristic of general care. Symptoms of neuropathy might not associate with overall sickness development and therefore insistent treatment of the fundamental diabetes remains important. Control of glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and other micro vascular peril factors are essential for efficient lasting management of this illness. (Daniel et al. 2008) There are several handling options for pain in diabetic neuropathy however; few medications have been experimented in great, randomized, place bi-controlled or head-to-head trials. Explanation of the accessible information if mainly found to be tough since variables such as dosing applications, treatment duration, and the description of victorious cure might differ amongst studies (Sorensen et al 2002). Guiding principle and agreement statements are accessible, however, these recommendations regularly vary and several medications have unfavourable effects or relations with medications applied to treat diabetes. Furthermore, there are older medications, with the example of tricyclic antidepressants, which are generally used for aching diabetic neuropathy but have not been experienced in randomized clinical trials for this circumstance (Wild Green 2004). These older medications may be disqualified from optional guiding principle using harsh criterion regardless of their potential effe ctiveness and value. With these variables, the genuine performance of treatment for painful diabetic neuropathy might demonstrate intimidating results to clinicians and possible contributes to patients remaining undertreated or untreated (Bril Perkins 2002). When to Treat Painful Diabetic Neuropathy There are no clear guidelines for when to initiate symptomatic therapy, in part because treatment options do not alter the disease course. Patients quality of life can be diminished by painful diabetic neuropathy through disruption of work and home productivity, mobility, mood, interpersonal relationships, and sleep. Many of these variables are assessed in treatment trials for painful diabetic neuropathy and improve in parallel with the decrease in pain. Ideally, treatment should be initiated when patients identify that painful neuropathy is impairing activities of daily living and their quality of life. Successful management can decrease pain and improve quality of life (Bennett Backonja 2007). There are a few treatment principles that can be helpful for both the patient and clinician when beginning therapy for neuropathic pain. First, it is important to establish realistic treatment goals and expectations because therapies typically do not result in complete resolution of symptoms. Second, medication dosing must be tailored to the individual patient. The goal of treatment is symptom resolution, not a specific medication dose. Thus it is important to use the lowest effective dose for an individual. Further titration can be considered, but must be weighed against an increased risk of side effects. Finally, there are some data to support drug combinations in painful diabetic neuropathy but it is generally advisable to avoid polypharmacy when possible (Baron Gockel 2009). Conclusion The Treatment of PN can be tough for both clinicians and patients there are numerous diverse strategies that are available, however, contradictory information. Additionally, the value of accessible studies varies, at times with little facts and conflicting endpoints. As drugs are tested in the imminent years, such issues will be expected to persist, creation of medication assortment gradually more complex. Therefore, advancing the behavior approach that incorporates the accessible writing on efficiency, dose, contraindications, side effects, drug interactions, and cost is essential to direct clinicians in developing modified cure for the individual patient. However, this is not a complete evaluation of all probable treatments, but it is an inclusive, stepwise dialogue of the usage of some of the available drugs for painful diabetic neuropathy. The healing of symptoms ought to take place in combination with insistent treatment of diabetes and other related co morbid peril factors to d iminish development of the neuropathy. Future reviews will be necessary to integrate rising information from fresh studies and treatment options (Wild Green 2004). References Baron R Tolle T R Gockel U 2009, A cross-sectional cohort survey in 2100 patients with painful diabetic neuropathy and post herpetic neuralgia: differences in demographic data and sensory symptoms, Pain, pp, 121-152. Bennett M I Backonja M M 2007, Using screening tools to identify neuropathic pain, Pain, pp, 127-199 Bril V Perkins B A 2002, Validation of the Toronto Clinical Scoring System for diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care, 25: pp, 2048 –2052 Daniel H C, Narewska J, Serpell M 2008, Comparison of psychological and physical function in neuropathic pain and nociceptive pain: implications for cognitive behavioral pain management programs, Eur J Pain, pp 125-241. Freynhagen R Baron R Gockel U Tolle T R 2006, Pain detect: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain, Curr Med Res Opin, pp, 126-362. Galer B S, Gianas A Jensen M P 2000, Painful diabetic polyneuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 47 pp, 123–128. Meijer, G., Smit, J., Sonderen, V., Groothoff, W., Eisma, H., Links, P 2002, Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes: the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score, Diabet Med, 19: pp, 962–965 Perkins BA Olaleye D Zinman B Bril V 2001, Simple screening tests for peripheral neuropathy in the diabetes clinic, Diabetes Care, 24: pp, 250 –256 Schmader K E 2002, Epidemiology and impact on quality of life of post herpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy, Clin Pain, pp, 350 –354 Sorensen L, Molyneaux L, Yue D K 2002, Insensate versus painful diabetic neuropathy: the effects of height, gender, ethnicity and glycaemic control, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 57 pp, 45–74. Torrance N, Smith B H, Bennett M I Lee A J 2006, The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey, J Pain, pp 281-297. Wild S Roglic G Green A 2004, Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030, Diabetes Care, Pp, 25-83.

Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe Essay -- essays research papers

Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe Increasing our knowledge of Physics, using the scientific method to make observations and test hypotheses is essential to unlocking the secrets of the universe. Energy is one of the most fundamental elements of the universe. Throughout history, man has endeavored to expose, understand, and explain how and why things work. This drive to expand our understanding eventually led to the development of the scientific method and what is commonly considered to be the king of the sciences, Physics. The effects of energy on the physical world are of great interest to Physicists. The scientific method was developed during the seventeenth century. It is based on collaborative efforts of the great scientists and mathematicians who lived during that period such as Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilee, Johannes Kepler, and Rene’ Descartes. These men realized that true knowledge must be based on empirical observation and verified by experimentation. Recently, physicists have been searching for a un ifying theory to bring all of the fields of Physics together under a single umbrella theory expressed as a short equation. This so called unifying field theory will usher in a new era in physics and greatly increase our understanding of the workings of the universe Physics is the king of science, and Sir Issac Newton is the king of Physics. Physics deals with matter, motion, force, and energy. In order to understand motion, one needs to look no further the Sir Issac Newton. Newton’s studies eventually led to the development of three distinct, but related theories dealing with velocity, acceleration, inertia, friction and momentum, these theories are so widely accepted that they are commonly called â€Å"Newton’s Three Laws of Motion.† These laws, after almost three hundred years of testing and scrutiny, remain as fundamental principles governing the world we live in. By increasing our understanding of energy and the laws governing it, Newton’s laws have dramatically changed our world and promise to continue to change it in the years to come. Newton’s first law states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity. This means that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a net force. It also means that an object in motion will rem ain in moti... ... http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/institute/level2/course15/lecture92/l92_01.asp â€Å"OVERVIEW† This site is basically just a lecture that explains the structure and naming of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds in a basic manner. The site has some information on organic chemistry, which are synthetic carbon chemicals which are grouped with the natural ones. The site also has information about which organic compounds are used in our everyday life. (5) http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/bonding/benzene2.html â€Å"BONDING IN BENZENE† Jim Clark maintains this site. In order to have a good understanding of this site, it is a good idea if you have knowledge about the bonding in methane, and the bonding in ethene. This site has real good information on how benzene is built and the benzene ring. (6) http://members.aol.com/profchm/con_isom.html â€Å"How do you go about determining Constitutional Isomers of a Molecular Formula?† R.H.Logan maintains this site. This site lets you know that Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula. The site also shows you how to you can find out if you have equivalent isomers and what an isopropyl branch is. This is a dull site, but pretty informative.

Case Study: Bankruptcy and the Bible

Case Study: Your long-time friend Carl comes to you with a serious problem in his life. He is a believer, and he wants your advice. For years he and his family have lived above their means. They did this by continually refinancing their house and rolling their credit card and other debt onto their home mortgage. However, now that real estate prices are no longer rising but actually falling, Carl can't refinance anymore and can't pay his monthly bills as they come due. He is in a real credit crisis. His creditors are calling him threatening lawsuits, garnishments, and other unpleasant things.One of his friends at work said that he should file bankruptcy. He comes to you for advice from a Christian perspective. In particular, he wants to know: 1. Does the Bible forbid him to file bankruptcy? 2. Does the Bible forbid borrowing altogether? If not, when is it permissible to borrow money? Use the words â€Å"Forbids† or â€Å"Does not Forbid† in the subject line of your discu ssion board post, depending upon your conclusion. Do not use attachments as these are cumbersome and inhibit the discussion process. Suggested Readings:Read and consider these and other Bible verses that relate to borrowing, lending, and lawsuits: Proverbs 17:14, Proverbs 20:3, Proverbs 25:8-10, 1 Corinthians 6:1-8, Matthew 5:22-26, Matthew 5:33-37, Matthew 5:38-42, Psalm 37:21, Ecclesiastes 5:4-5, Colossians 3:9, Ephesians 4:22, Ephesians 4:25, Leviticus 25, Deuteronomy 15:1-18, Psalm 37:26, Psalm 112:5, Proverbs 19:17, Proverbs 22:7, Deuteronomy 24:6, Deuteronomy 24:10-13, Deuteronomy 24:17, Exodus 22:25-27, Proverbs 6:1-5, and Proverbs 22:26-27. You may also want to consult some good commentaries and other study aids on some of the verses that seem particularly relevant to you.Proverbs 17:14 New International Version (NIV) 14 Starting a quarrel is like breaching a dam; so drop the matter before a dispute breaks out. 3 It is to one’s honor to avoid strife, but every fool is quick to quarrel. 8 do not bring hastily to court, for what will you do in the end if your neighbor puts you to shame? 9 If you take your neighbor to court, do not betray another’s confidence, 10 or the one who hears it may shame you and the charge against you will stand. 1 Corinthians 6:1-8 New International Version (NIV) Lawsuits Among Believers If any of you has a dispute with another, do you dare to take it before the ungodly for judgment instead of before the Lord’s people? 2 Or do you not know that the Lord’s people will judge the world? And if you are to judge the world, are you not competent to judge trivial cases? 3 Do you not know that we will judge angels? How much more the things of this life! 4 Therefore, if you have disputes about such matters, do you ask for a ruling from those whose way of life is scorned in the church? 5 I say this to shame you. Is it possible that there is nobody among you wise enough to judge a dispute between believers? But instead, one brother takes another to court—and this in front of unbelievers! 7 The very fact that you have lawsuits among you means you have been completely defeated already. Why not rather be wronged? Why not rather be cheated? 8 Instead, you yourselves cheat and do wrong, and you do this to your brothers and sisters. Matthew 5:22-26 New International Version (NIV) 22 But I tell you that anyone who is angry with a brother or sister[a][b] will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to a brother or sister, ‘Raca,’[c] is answerable to the court. And anyone who says, ‘You fool! ’ will be in danger of the fire of hell. 3 â€Å"Therefore, if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother or sister has something against you, 24 leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to them; then come and offer your gift. 25 â€Å"Settle matters quickly with your adversary who is taking you to court. Do it while you are still together on the way, or your adversary may hand you over to the judge, and the judge may hand you over to the officer, and you may be thrown into prison. 26 Truly I tell you, you will not get out until you have paid the last penny. Matthew 5:33-37 New International Version (NIV) Oaths 3 â€Å"Again, you have heard that it was said to the people long ago, ‘Do not break your oath, but fulfill to the Lord the vows you have made. ’ 34 But I tell you, do not swear an oath at all: either by heaven, for it is God’s throne; 35 or by the earth, for it is his footstool; or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the Great King. 36 And do not swear by your head, for you cannot make even one hair white or black. 37 All you need to say is simply ‘Yes’ or ‘No’; anything beyond this comes from the evil one. [a] Matthew 5:38-42 New International Version (NIV) Eye for Eye 38 â€Å"You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for e ye, and tooth for tooth. [a] 39 But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also. 40 And if anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, hand over your coat as well. 41 If anyone forces you to go one mile, go with them two miles. 42 Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you. Psalm 37:21 New International Version (NIV) 21 The wicked borrow and do not repay, but the righteous give generously; Ecclesiastes 5:4-5 New International Version (NIV) 4 When you make a vow to God, do not delay to fulfill it.He has no pleasure in fools; fulfill your vow. 5 It is better not to make a vow than to make one and not fulfill it. Colossians 3:9 New International Version (NIV) 9 Do not lie to each other, since you have taken off your old self with its practices Ephesians 4:22 New International Version (NIV) 22 You were taught, with regard to your former way of life, to put off your old self, which is being corrupted by its deceitful desires; Ephesians 4:25 New International Version (NIV) 25 Therefore each of you must put off falsehood and speak truthfully to your neighbor, for we are all members of one body.Leviticus 25 New International Version (NIV) The Sabbath Year 25 The LORD said to Moses at Mount Sinai, 2 â€Å"Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘When you enter the land I am going to give you, the land itself must observe a sabbath to the LORD. 3 For six years sow your fields, and for six years prune your vineyards and gather their crops. 4 But in the seventh year the land is to have a year of sabbath rest, a sabbath to the LORD. Do not sow your fields or prune your vineyards. 5 Do not reap what grows of itself or harvest the grapes of your untended vines. The land is to have a year of rest. Whatever the land yields during the sabbath year will be food for you—for yourself, your male and female servants, and the hired worker and tempo rary resident who live among you, 7 as well as for your livestock and the wild animals in your land. Whatever the land produces may be eaten. The Year of Jubilee 8 â€Å"‘Count off seven sabbath years—seven times seven years—so that the seven sabbath years amount to a period of forty-nine years. 9 Then have the trumpet sounded everywhere on the tenth day of the seventh month; on the Day of Atonement sound the trumpet throughout your land. 0 Consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you; each of you is to return to your family property and to your own clan. 11 The fiftieth year shall be a jubilee for you; do not sow and do not reap what grows of itself or harvest the untended vines. 12 For it is a jubilee and is to be holy for you; eat only what is taken directly from the fields. 13 â€Å"‘In this Year of Jubilee everyone is to return to their own property. 14 â€Å"‘If yo u sell land to any of your own people or buy land from them, do not take advantage of each other. 5 You are to buy from your own people on the basis of the number of years since the Jubilee. And they are to sell to you on the basis of the number of years left for harvesting crops. 16 When the years are many, you are to increase the price, and when the years are few, you are to decrease the price, because what is really being sold to you is the number of crops. 17 Do not take advantage of each other, but fear your God. I am the LORD your God. 18 â€Å"‘Follow my decrees and be careful to obey my laws, and you will live safely in the land. 9 Then the land will yield its fruit, and you will eat your fill and live there in safety. 20 You may ask, â€Å"What will we eat in the seventh year if we do not plant or harvest our crops? † 21 I will send you such a blessing in the sixth year that the land will yield enough for three years. 22 While you plant during the eighth year, you will eat from the old crop and will continue to eat from it until the harvest of the ninth year comes in. 23 â€Å"‘The land must not be sold permanently, because the land is mine and you reside in my land as foreigners and strangers. 4 Throughout the land that you hold as a possession, you must provide for the redemption of the land. 25 â€Å"‘If one of your fellow Israelites becomes poor and sells some of their property, their nearest relative is to come and redeem what they have sold. 26 If, however, there is no one to redeem it for them but later on they prosper and acquire sufficient means to redeem it themselves, 27 they are to determine the value for the years since they sold it and refund the balance to the one to whom they sold it; they can then go back to their own property. 8 But if they do not acquire the means to repay, what was sold will remain in the possession of the buyer until the Year of Jubilee. It will be returned in the Jubilee, and they can then go back to their property. 29 â€Å"‘Anyone who sells a house in a walled city retains the right of redemption a full year after its sale. During that time the seller may redeem it. 30 If it is not redeemed before a full year has passed, the house in the walled city shall belong permanently to the buyer and the buyer’s descendants. It is not to be returned in the Jubilee. 1 But houses in villages without walls around them are to be considered as belonging to the open country. They can be redeemed, and they are to be returned in the Jubilee. 32 â€Å"‘The Levites always have the right to redeem their houses in the Levitical towns, which they possess. 33 So the property of the Levites is redeemable—that is, a house sold in any town they hold—and is to be returned in the Jubilee, because the houses in the towns of the Levites are their property among the Israelites. 34 But the pastureland belonging to their towns must not be sold; it is their per manent possession. 5 â€Å"‘If any of your fellow Israelites become poor and are unable to support themselves among you, help them as you would a foreigner and stranger, so they can continue to live among you. 36 Do not take interest or any profit from them, but fear your God, so that they may continue to live among you. 37 You must not lend them money at interest or sell them food at a profit. 38 I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt to give you the land of Canaan and to be your God. 39 â€Å"‘If any of your fellow Israelites become poor and sell themselves to you, do not make them work as slaves. 0 They are to be treated as hired workers or temporary residents among you; they are to work for you until the Year of Jubilee. 41 Then they and their children are to be released, and they will go back to their own clans and to the property of their ancestors. 42 Because the Israelites are my servants, whom I brought out of Egypt, they must not be sold as slav es. 43 Do not rule over them ruthlessly, but fear your God. 44 â€Å"‘Your male and female slaves are to come from the nations around you; from them you may buy slaves. 5 You may also buy some of the temporary residents living among you and members of their clans born in your country, and they will become your property. 46 You can bequeath them to your children as inherited property and can make them slaves for life, but you must not rule over your fellow Israelites ruthlessly. 47 â€Å"‘If a foreigner residing among you becomes rich and any of your fellow Israelites become poor and sell themselves to the foreigner or to a member of the foreigner’s clan, 48 they retain the right of redemption after they have sold themselves.One of their relatives may redeem them: 49 An uncle or a cousin or any blood relative in their clan may redeem them. Or if they prosper, they may redeem themselves. 50 They and their buyer are to count the time from the year they sold themsel ves up to the Year of Jubilee. The price for their release is to be based on the rate paid to a hired worker for that number of years. 51 If many years remain, they must pay for their redemption a larger share of the price paid for them. 52 If only a few years remain until the Year of Jubilee, they are to compute that and pay for their redemption accordingly. 3 They are to be treated as workers hired from year to year; you must see to it that those to whom they owe service do not rule over them ruthlessly. 54 â€Å"‘Even if someone is not redeemed in any of these ways, they and their children are to be released in the Year of Jubilee, 55 for the Israelites belong to me as servants. They are my servants, whom I brought out of Egypt. I am the LORD your God. Deuteronomy 15:1-18 New International Version (NIV) The Year for Canceling Debts 15 At the end of every seven years you must cancel debts. This is how it is to be done: Every creditor shall cancel any loan they have made to a fellow Israelite. They shall not require payment from anyone among their own people, because the LORD’s time for canceling debts has been proclaimed. 3 You may require payment from a foreigner, but you must cancel any debt your fellow Israelite owes you. 4 However, there need be no poor people among you, for in the land the LORD your God is giving you to possess as your inheritance, he will richly bless you, 5 if only you fully obey the LORD your God and are careful to follow all these commands I am giving you today. For the LORD your God will bless you as he has promised, and you will lend to many nations but will borrow from none. You will rule over many nations but none will rule over you. 7 If anyone is poor among your fellow Israelites in any of the towns of the land the LORD your God is giving you, do not be hardhearted or tightfisted toward them. 8 Rather, be openhanded and freely lend them whatever they need. 9 Be careful not to harbor this wicked thought: â€Å"Th e seventh year, the year for canceling debts, is near,† so that you do not show ill will toward the needy among your fellow Israelites and give them nothing.They may then appeal to the LORD against you, and you will be found guilty of sin. 10 Give generously to them and do so without a grudging heart; then because of this the LORD your God will bless you in all your work and in everything you put your hand to. 11 There will always be poor people in the land. Therefore I command you to be openhanded toward your fellow Israelites who are poor and needy in your land. Freeing Servants 12 If any of your people—Hebrew men or women—sell themselves to you and serve you six years, in the seventh year you must let them go free. 3 And when you release them, do not send them away empty-handed. 14 Supply them liberally from your flock, your threshing floor and your winepress. Give to them as the LORD your God has blessed you. 15 Remember that you were slaves in Egypt and the LORD your God redeemed you. That is why I give you this command today. 16 But if your servant says to you, â€Å"I do not want to leave you,† because he loves you and your family and is well off with you, 17 then take an awl and push it through his earlobe into the door, and he will become your servant for life.Do the same for your female servant. 18 Do not consider it a hardship to set your servant free, because their service to you these six years has been worth twice as much as that of a hired hand. And the LORD your God will bless you in everything you do. Psalm 37:26 New International Version (NIV) 26 They are always generous and lend freely; their children will be a blessing. [a] Psalm 112:5 New International Version (NIV) 5 Good will come to those who are generous and lend freely, who conduct their affairs with justice. Proverbs 19:17 New International Version (NIV) 7 Whoever is kind to the poor lends to the LORD, and he will reward them for what they have done. Prover bs 22:7 New International Version (NIV) 7 The rich rule over the poor, and the borrower is slave to the lender. Deuteronomy 24:6 New International Version (NIV) 6 Do not take a pair of millstones—not even the upper one—as security for a debt, because that would be taking a person’s livelihood as security. Deuteronomy 24:10-13 New International Version (NIV) 10 When you make a loan of any kind to your neighbor, do not go into their house to get what is offered to you as a pledge. 1 Stay outside and let the neighbor to whom you are making the loan bring the pledge out to you. 12 If the neighbor is poor, do not go to sleep with their pledge in your possession. 13 Return their cloak by sunset so that your neighbor may sleep in it. Then they will thank you, and it will be regarded as a righteous act in the sight of the LORD your God. Deuteronomy 24:17 New International Version (NIV) 17 Do not deprive the foreigner or the fatherless of justice, or take the cloak of th e widow as a pledge. Exodus 22:25-27 New International Version (NIV) 5 â€Å"If you lend money to one of my people among you who is needy, do not treat it like a business deal; charge no interest. 26 If you take your neighbor’s cloak as a pledge, return it by sunset, 27 because that cloak is the only covering your neighbor has. What else can they sleep in? When they cry out to me, I will hear, for I am compassionate. Proverbs 6:1-5 New International Version (NIV) Warnings Against Folly 6 My son, if you have put up security for your neighbor, if you have shaken hands in pledge for a stranger, 2 you have been trapped by what you said, nsnared by the words of your mouth. 3 So do this, my son, to free yourself, since you have fallen into your neighbor’s hands: Go—to the point of exhaustion—[a] and give your neighbor no rest! 4 Allow no sleep to your eyes, no slumber to your eyelids. 5 Free yourself, like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter, like a bird fro m the snare of the fowler. Proverbs 22:26-27 New International Version (NIV) Saying 4 26 Do not be one who shakes hands in pledge or puts up security for debts; 27 if you lack the means to pay, your very bed will be snatched from under you.

Compare and Contrast Management vs. Leadership

Compare and Contrast Management vs. Leadership Free Online Research Papers There are many differences between management and leadership. Management relies on positional power, that is authority or status. It depends on the rules, structures and systems within an organisation, which surround a job. Leadership relies on personal power. This comes from the ability to develop strong and mutually rewarding relationships. It depends upon good interpersonal skills, positive personal characteristics and supportive behaviour. The key to leadership is influence. Leadership is a facet of good management but a leader does not necessarily have the positional power of a manager. The crux of this comparison between management and leadership is one of choice. People choose to follow and commit to a leader but a manager must be followed. We are emotional animals and the commitments we make based on our emotions are forcible. Management The manager’s primary commitment is to the employing organisation. His/her job is to manage members of the organisation in achieving that organisation’s goals using his/her positional power. Good management involves: Information Control (Keeping people informed about issues which affect them) Resources control (Allocated on the basis of business priority) An Appraisal system (Using performance indicators and objectives as the basis of appraisal) Job Seniority (Giving clear instructions for tasks) Specialist Expertise (Sharing expertise to help and develop others) Rewards and Punishment (Using rewards fairly and transparently based on objective criteria) Managing Access to People (on the basis of need and business priority) A manager needs formal positional power to be effective. Douglas McGregor (1960) described two ways in which employees may be viewed, Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X stipulates that employees are â€Å"motivated mainly by money, are lazy, uncooperative and have poor work habits.† This is the traditional view of direction and control by managers. Three of the main theories of management are: F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management, (1856-1917), Henri Fayol’s Classical Organisation Theory (1841-1925), and The Hawthorne Experiment Approach (1924-1932), which gave rise to The Human Relations Movement. Scientific Management F.W. Taylor believed that the most efficient methods for completing a task and for the selection, development and motivation of employees could be scientifically determined. His theories were based on his studies of pig-iron production lines at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and centred on the increased productivity of a Dutch labourer by the name of Schmidt. By tailoring Schmidt’s work methods, Taylor was able to improve his output level. Schmidt was rewarded for the increased output by a 60% rise in wages. The theory was applied to the other steelworkers where there was a notable but erratic increase in output. (LJ Mullins, 2006). On the surface, Taylor’s theory of scientific management seemed successful. However, it was based on the theory that workers conform to the personality of Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. Clearly, employees are individuals, are not purely motivated by money and have a wide variety of needs. This fact is illustrated by Abraham Maslow’s ‘Five Tier Hierarchy of Needs’ (1954), in which he states: â€Å"an employee’s most powerful need is the one which has not yet been met.† Classical Organisational Theory Henry Fayol’s Classical Organisational theory attempted to identify principles of management that would apply to all organisations. He defined management as having five functions; â€Å"planning (examining the future and drawing up plans of actions), organising (building up the structure of the undertaking), commanding (maintaining activity among the personnel), co-ordinating (unifying and harmonizing activities and efforts) and controlling (seeing that everything occurs in conformity with policies and practices)†. His study showed the idea that the principles of organisational and administrative effectiveness depended on the positional power held and discouraged any ideas of rigidity. The theory was based upon the idea that human beings are driven by physiological needs and that they are rational, a mistaken assumption similar to that made by FW Taylor’s Scientific Management theory. Both theories seem to regard the organisation and its members not as individ uals, but as parts of the organisational machine. The Human Relations Movement The Human Relations Movement viewed people as driven by both economic and social needs. It attempted to approach the subject of organisational management psychologically. The theory was based upon increased productivity and employee satisfaction as a result of increased management concern for employee welfare and individual attention. Elton Mayo’s work on human behaviour at The Hawthorne Works of The Western Electric Company in Chicago (1924-1927) produced many conclusions in respect of human relations and motivation theory. These highlighted the need for group collaboration to be planned and developed, and understanding of the influence on the workplace of an employee’s personal circumstances. Though a huge step toward the Neo-human Relations Approach, which more deeply investigates human behaviour and its influences on organisational management, it still neglected to fully appreciate the individuality of employees within the organisation. Leadership Strength of leadership depends on strength of influence; how easily the support and commitment of others in achieving goals is gained. Influence is about people, not things, and develops through an awareness of people’s opinions and ideas. Leaders who possess positive influence recognise this and modify their behaviour in order to influence the progress of interactions between people by gaining their interest and commitment, and steering them toward accepting the leader’s needs and goals through individual choice. A leader’s identity does not depend upon their position within the organisation. Their sources of personal power come from: Widening their network (looking for mutual benefit or helping others selflessly), Possessing good negotiating skills (aiming for win/win outcomes) Having an ability to get people to communicate (by offering confidential support) Giving personal praise (on the basis of good performance) Involving others (Welcoming and utilising other’s ideas) Having knowledge and experience of the business (which is shared to help and encourage others). A leader needs personal power to lead effectively. Several studies which attempt to define leadership have been conducted. Notably: The Traits Approach (1930’s), Leadership as a Behavioural Category (Ohio State Leadership Studies, University of Michigan study, 1940’s), The Situational Approach, (Fiedler’s contingency approach, 1967) and The Functional Approach (associated with the work of John Adair, 1979). The Traits Approach The Traits Approach attempted to identify the qualities of great leaders on the basis that leaders are born, not made. The approach successfully identified that leaders are individuals and generally defy common stereotypes, and thus failed to compile a definitive list of leadership personality traits. Though there maybe some qualities with which leaders are born, they may not be realised without appropriate nurturing and training. A recent study of 500 business owners in the UK revealed that many gained leadership qualities sociologically. Kim Parish, chief executive of ILM said: â€Å"This study shows that many young people learn about leadership at a very early age. Activities often seen as childhood hobbies such as being a member of the Scouts or Guides, or playing on a school team actually furnish young people with skills such as team ethos, ambition, goal setting and many of the other qualities that we associate with good leadership.† (www.i-l-m.com, 04/04/07). Th e Traits Approach also neglects to take situation into account. Someone may be a great leader in some situations but not in others. Leadership as a Behavioural Category Unlike the Traits Approach, leadership as a Behavioural Category takes account of leadership behaviour in multiple situations. During the Ohio State Leadership Studies (1950’s), where the core of this approach was developed, two general types of leadership behaviour emerged; â€Å"initiating structure† (the schedule of activities, role defining) and â€Å"consideration† (Building respect and trust between members). (Fleishman, E.A. and Bass, 1974). The University of Michigan studies, which were also conducted in the 1950’s, identified 3 behavioural characteristics of effective leaders: â€Å"Task orientated† (planning and co-ordinating work and providing resources), â€Å"Relationship orientated† (a more considerate and caring approach to employees), and â€Å"Participative Leadership† (a more involved approach). Rensis Likert (1967) summarised the study, dividing supervisors into two categories: â€Å"Employee-centred†, and â€Å"production-centred†. Both the Ohio State Studies and The University of Michigan studies conclude that better performance and employee satisfaction were gained through a more personable participative approach. The Situational Approach Mary Follett describes this approach best in her book, The New State: Group Organization the Solution of Popular Government. She writes In neighbourhood groups where we have different alignments on different questions, there will be a tendency for those to lead at any particular moment who are most competent to lead in the particular matter in hand. Thus a mechanical leadership will give place to a vital leadership. Here in the neighbourhood group leaders are born (Follett, 1918, p. 223). A situation may give rise to a leader who may not be a leader in any other situation. Hersey and Blanchard (1969) based their approach to Situational Leadership on the ability of the leader to adapt four styles of leadership to the competency and motivation of the ‘follower’: Telling (Leader-led) Selling (Leader-led) Participating (Follower-led) Delegating (Follower-led) Telling is appropriate where the follower is of low competence and has a low commitment level. This style makes the objective clear and avoids any confusion as to what is expected on the part of the follower. Selling, where the follower is of mediocre competence and erratic commitment, involves an explanation of decisions by the leader in order to avoid any defiance on the part of the follower. Participating is used when the follower is of a high competence, but has erratic commitment, possibly due to insecurity. The key to this style is motivation, and more time is taken by the leader in encouraging and verbally praising the follower. Delegating is appropriate when dealing with a follower of high competence who is fully committed and can be trusted to accomplish the objective with little supervision. Fiedler’s theory suggests that group performance is dependent upon the personality of the leader and three other variables: group atmosphere, task structure and the leaderâ €™s power position. (Value based Management, 2007). He concluded that there is no single best way of leading and that the most effective style of leadership is dependent upon adaptability to all constraints. The Functional Approach John Adair’s work focused on leadership functions whilst satisfying the needs of the employee group in accomplishing the task, rather than personality traits. It logically follows previous thinking on motivation by Maslow, Herzberg and Fayol. In Adair’s â€Å"Action Centred Leadership† diagram, the three variables; â€Å"task needs, individual needs and team maintenance needsâ€Å" (originally identified by Henry Harris in the late 1940’s, Gosling,J, 2005), are integrated to mutual satisfaction in order to accomplish the job at hand. Adair’s â€Å"Action Centred Leadership† diagram clearly shows the need for leadership within management as ‘Achieving tasks’ is primarily a management function, whereas ‘Building the Team’ and ‘Developing Individuals’ draw mainly on leadership skills. Adair believed that good leadership was not inborn and was accessible to all through appropriate training. Conclusion Though leadership and management would appear to be separate notions, within a corporate environment one cannot be truly effective without the other. Management without leadership uses status and power to control the workforce and its resources. This power without leadership skills is overt and can often prompt resistance. It does not invoke voluntary loyalty and commitment. Management’s primary goal is to ensure that the task is accomplished. Leadership without management relies upon the trust and respect of the workforce through influence. It can inspire others to accomplish a task, but without management neglects to provide the necessary resources to do so. Management with leadership inspires the workforce to accomplish given tasks and provides them with the necessary resources to fulfil the requirements of those tasks. Therefore, I find that a combination of John Adair’s work surrounding management and leadership theory together with Fiedler’s ideas pre sented in his contingency theory are most valid in the workplace today. Managerial leadership must be flexible in its approach. It must have the capacity to adapt to varying situations, tasks and employees. It must be focused on the task at hand, but must invoke loyalty and commitment through influence. 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7 Disadvantages of Joining a Fraternity or Sorority

7 Disadvantages of Joining a Fraternity or Sorority The benefits of joining  a fraternity or sorority are many, and its important to realize that Greek life in college has a lot of impressive things to offer. Its also important, however, to realize that there might be some challenges. So just what do you need to be aware of before officially pledging? You Might Be Stereotyped by Peers Even if you had a great impression of fraternities and sororities before you came to college - and an even better one once you learned about all the great initiatives your schools Greek organizations do - not all students share the same perception. Ignorant or well-informed, your fellow students might stereotype you once they know you belong to a certain Greek house. And while there might not be much you can do about that, its important to at least keep in mind. You Might Be Stereotyped by Faculty You might be having an amazing, life-changing experience as a member of your fraternity or sorority. But your professors - who were, after all, college students themselves once - might not have had as great of an experience during their own undergraduate years. Or they could have had problems in the past with students from your particular organization. While you are your own person and should be judged accordingly, just be aware of the perceptions some faculty members might have about how you spend your time outside of class. You Might Be Stereotyped by Future Employers While your Greek organization might be dedicated to, say, the study of biology or to social justice, an employer might not realize that while quickly skimming resumes. And while belonging to a fraternity or sorority with a large network can be an incredible asset, there might also be some challenges along the way. Being Active Can Be a Major Time Commitment Does this necessarily have to be a drawback to membership in your house? Of course not. But it is something to be aware of in advance, especially if you struggle with time management or you know that your time is going to be extremely limited during your college years. Joining Can Be Expensive While there often are scholarships available to students who need them to remain members of their Greek community, theres no guarantee those scholarships are going to come through. If finances are tight, make sure you are aware of what financial obligations youll have to your house. Ask about joining fees, dues, and other expenses - such as helping fund an annual event - that youll be responsible for. There Can Be Strong Personality Conflicts This, of course, is inevitable whenever youre involved with a group of people. And youll undoubtedly encounter personality conflicts in everything from your Chemistry study group to your rugby teammates. Keep in mind, however, that personality conflicts in a fraternity or sorority can get especially tense, given that people spend so much time together and often live in a shared space for several years in a row. You May Sometimes Feel Stuck in Routine and Commitments This years Halloween party might seem like the most amazing thing ever. But after working on it for months in advance, three years in a row, the Halloween party during your senior year might lose some of its ​luster. There can be ways to branch out and try new things within your fraternity or sorority, and a good one will encourage you to do so. Just be aware of what it will mean to pledge the rest of your college experience to one particular group.

Human Rights Violations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Rights Violations - Essay Example This paper shall not address all violations related to sexual orientation or gender identity due to the depth of discussion involved in such areas. However, it shall focus on critical human rights concerns among LGBTs. LGBTs flee their home countries due to serious violations of their fundamental human rights. Violations include executions and other severe violent attacks from state and non-state actors. This paper predominantly focuses on the human rights violations of persons based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. Under these conditions, it would be possible to better understand the reasons why host countries must provide adequate surrogate protection to LGBTs who have fled gross living conditions from their home nations. Homophobic and trans-phobic violence has been recorded in many regions. Such violence may be physical, through acts like murder, beatings, kidnappings, rape and sexual assaults or they may be psychological, and may include threats, coercion, and arb itrary deprivations of liberty. These attacks constitute a form of gender-based violence, mostly driven by a desire to punish those who may be perceived as violators of gender norms. Egregious human rights violations have compelled some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people to seek refuge in countries with better human rights protection. It is important to assess the current situation relating to human rights violations which have left these individuals unprotected and vulnerable. It is also crucial to evaluate the reason why many of them risk their lives to seek protection elsewhere, where they still run the risk of being subjected to further abuse. Some states in recognition of these violations have afforded protection to these oppressed sexual minority groups. Before proceeding to the procedural hurdles that LGBTs face in host countries, it is important to shed light to the human rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons and the countries which criminalize homosexuality. It is widely recognised that every individual has the right to their preferred sexuality, the Yogyakarta principles illustrates similar the protection of such rights. Today, there are seventy-six countries in the world which have criminalized same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults. In seven of these countries, homosexual acts are punishable with the death penalty. These countries include Mauritania, Sudan, Northern states of Nigeria, Southern parts of Somalia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Yemen1. These countries typically prohibit either certain types of sexual activity including any intimacy or any sexual activity between persons of the same sex. What these laws have in common is that they are often used to harass and prosecute individuals based on their actual, perceived sexuality, or gender identity2. Penalties range from short-term to life imprisonment, and even the death penalty. People living with their sexuality under a veil are constantly threatened, blackm ailed, and persecuted. There is a need to free these people from the misery of fear and persecution. Ignoring their fate and denying their right to pursue a happy life and to fulfill their sexuality is a disgraceful practice. What is terrifying about the current situa

Business Law Case Written Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Case Written Work - Research Paper Example Non-disclosure is the failure of volunteering important facts or information (Mallor, 2004). The law requires that the lease between Ms. Relief and Rem be in writing. This is according to the Statute of Frauds (Mallor, 2004). The fact that the agreement between Ms. Relief and Rem is for more than a one year from its formation date, it has to be in the form of writing. This clause is proper and does not impair the agreement of enforceability. As long the term of the lease has not begun, Rem can cancel the agreement and Ms. Relief will be at liberty to lease it to some other tenant. Rem would not win. The agreement between Force and Rem do not satisfy the elements required for an enforceable agreement. Force offered a promise in return for nothing from Rem thus rendering his promise gratuitous (Mallor, 2004). Rem would not win. This is because Rem had enforced the Cancellation clause of the lease document which provided for cancellation without penalties thus giving Ms. Relief the freedom to accept an offer from another

Term Paper Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal - Term Paper Example This would act to speed up the lengthy intake process. These kiosks would be set up to gather at the very least the patient's name, insurance coverage, and any allergies or chronic conditions. This could help reduce the amount of time a nurse must spend with the patient just to collect background information, and therefore moves the patient to the doctor sooner for treatment or discharge. These kiosks could also be linked to the patient's electronic medical record. Ideally, these kiosks would be able to take a history of symptoms through the use of condition or symptom specific questionnaires. In this way, these kiosks would be able to assist with the triage process by alerting a charge nurse of any particularly worrying symptoms more quickly than they might otherwise have been noticed. The use of these kiosks to perform triage for milder symptoms would also free up the nursing staff to deal with patients who come in with more serious injuries and illnesses, or for whatever reason ar e unable to make use of the kiosks. This division of labor between man and machine could even make it possible for the ER to have fewer nurses on staff without detrimental effects on the quality of care. Another possible use for these kiosks would be to keep track of patients after they have been moved to treatment.

Bargaining Essay Example for Free

Bargaining Essay It is often difficult to differentiate whether a particular subject is permissive, illegal or mandatory bargaining subject. The reason as to why this problem emanates is that the bargaining subjects in most cases collide with the rights of the management which often belong to the public employer as a matter of public policy or state law (Geel Imber, 2004). In another observation, it can be seen that the managerial rights and the bargaining rights are inextricably associated. There have been ways of defining different ways of collective bargaining in order to determine whether it is lawful to negotiate the inclusion of the subjects into the agreements of collective bargaining and whether it is lawful to lockout or strike to force proposal acceptance. These classifications of the bargaining subjects include mandatory, illegal and permissive subjects of bargaining. Mandatory bargaining subjects consist of any topic that is directly related to the hours, wages and other employment terms and conditions of the bargaining members (Riccucci, 2007). Some of the topics essential for the determination of employee working conditions and wage levels are also part of the mandatory bargaining subjects (Riccucci, 2007). Examples of negotiated mandatory subjects of bargaining include wage negotiatins such as shift differentials, incentives pay plans, commissions, paid holidays, overtime premiums, stock purchase plans and profit sharing. Work rules, grievances and disciplinary procedures, fringe benefits and work schedules are also negotiated mandatory subjects of bargaining (Riccucci, 2007). In mandatory subjects of bargaining, the two parties have to propose the same subject and it may be lawful to insist to a level of impasse that the mandatory subject of bargaining be part of the contract. It is also lawful to lockout or strike to obtain a mandatory bargaining subject. Illegal subjects of bargaining violate the specific Taft-Hartley provisions or other federal or state provisions (Riccucci, 2007). Illegal bargaining subjects include the hot cargo clauses which violate some sections of the US Constitution, the clauses that illegally discriminate on the basis of sex, race or some other unenviable classifications, the improper union shops or closed shops and the agreements conditioning full union membership representation (Geel, Imber, 2004). It is illegal to negotiate an illegal bargaining subjects and the consequent insisting on illegal subject negotiations. It is also considered illegal to have a lockout or strike to obtain illegal bargaining subject. The last type of collective bargaining subjects is the permissive subjects of bargaining where the subjects are neither illegal nor mandatory (Riccucci, 2007). Although there is a long list of possible subjects of bargaining under permissive category, there are a number of different categories that are commonly proposed or negotiated as permissive subjects. It happens that some bargaining subjects are grouped in the category of permissive since the represent negotiating efforts on behalf of the people not part of the unit of bargaining (Geel, Imber, 2004). Permissive bargaining subjects include pension benefits for individuals who have retired, bargaining unit expansion and the drug testing prior to employment. The classification of a subject as permissive subject means that either party may propose over permissive bargaining subject or in case any of the parties choose to have negotiations, any of the agreement that is reached is always enforceable (Geel, Imber, 2004). In general, collective bargaining subjects are important processes which start from a mere beginning when workers of any organization raise a majority vote in order to be represented (Riccucci, 2007). Although collective bargaining is important in answering the grievances of workers, some of the bargaining subjects are unlawful. Workers should therefore adhere to the classification of bargaining subject which respects the rule of law.